WASTE TO WEALTH: MANAGEMENT OF WASTE

Yashwant Sompura, Shivani Nalwaya.

University College of Science MLS University Udaipur Rajasthan. -313001

INTRODUCTION

The waste is not a prime product's. waste to wealth means moving waste to a valuable utility. before 1950 there was no waste problems found in India. the garbage waste is an organic rich substance. Plastic waste is the major garbage waste material. 50 % of plastic waste recycled every year and reuse to produced useful products. the plastic waste is non- biodegradable material and it concern many environmental and health problems in worldwide. Municipal solid waste (MSW) such as plastic bottles, domestic garbage is harmful and noxious to environment and health. these substances spread out into soil and impact the quality. When they are treated, spread out in the form of Greenhouse gas(GHG) and causes the global warming if they are not treated they are harmful to environment and health also. this type of waste problems is chiefly found in urban area. The plastic and domestic waste is the serious concern worldwide. the domestic waste is two of types biodegradable as well as non-biodegradable. the non-biodegradable products may be carcinogenic and toxic in nature. Out of total waste 50% is recycled and reuse by manufacture of different types of products. these wastes are harmful for environment. careless disposal of domestic waste and plastic blocks the porosity of the soil and impact on groundwater recharge. Waste is define as a "substance or objects, which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national laws" by Basel convention in 1989.

DOMESTIC AND MUNICIPAL WASTE

Domestic and municipal waste such as plastic bottles, plastic canes, polybag etc. These all are toxic in nature and non-biodegradable. These are causes some health problems such as hygiene. The plastic waste when add with solid waste or biodegradable waste, reduces the capacity of decomposition. If when plastic waste mixed with earth or soil it impacts the flow of water.

MANAGEMENT OF WASTE

There are a common method for management of waste such as plastic waste etc.: 1. Reduce: 2. Reuse 3. Recycle: Reducing, reusing, recovering and recovering of waste behaviour can make change our environment. Through this concept it may treating and safely disposing of waste and it is possible to prevent the pollution and ecological degradation. Through the waste we can promote the economic and social development by providing job to our youth. In this activity so many people are under the target and focus group which may become beneficiary and part of this program. farmers can get biofertilizers or manures with low price and collaboration with recycler industries. generations of less waste, reuse of consumable consumable recycling of waste & recovery of valuable resource from waste are considered as good practices. This process of conversion of waste to a product that can be put to primary use can be viewed as a profess of generating wealth hence the praise 'Waste to Wealth.

 

  USE OF WASTE

1. Plastics waste use as formation in fuel. 2. The plastic waste, we could use in better road such as bitumin. 3. We should use the waste for energy production. 4. Food waste shouldn't be waste which can be converting into compost and vermi compost.

WASTE AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY

  In domestic or municipal waste plastic waste causes major problems and their management are very complex method. Plastic waste is non-biodegradable, light in weight and use in daily lives. Plastic waste such as polythene, polystyrene, Plastic bottles etc. production of plastic increases gradually. 1 trillion tons plastics produce every around the world. every year the country produces a whopping 62 million tonnes of waste out of which 45 million tonnes of waste remains untreated. The need of the hour is to extend the reach and accessibility of start-ups like these so that more people become aware about waste management Over 75% of the waste we generate is recyclable but we, in India, recycle just 30%.

Role of Blue green algae ( Cyanobacteria) in nitrogen fixation

Yashwant Sompura 

University College of Science, MLS University, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313001

 INTRODUCTION 

  Blue green algae (BGA) is also called as cyanobacteria. It belongs to cyanophyceae (Gr. Cyano= blue green) or mixophyxceae. It is blue green in colour due to presence of c-phycocyanin or c-phycoerythrin pigment and they lack of sexual reproduction such as Anabaena, Nostoc. BGA has potential of fixation of nitrogen and play a significant role in ecosystem balance. It provides nitrogen to nutrient cycle. The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia or useful form through an organism is called as biological nitrogen fixation. These nitrogen fixing bacteria are found in the root of plant usually in leguminous plants. In blue green algae, the nitrogen fixation was firstly observed by Boilhac in 1896 in species of nostoc. In 1906, Heinze obtained evidence of nitrogen fixation in culture of Nostoc. In 1926, Molisch isolated Nostoc and concluded that they grew in a N free solution. In 1928, Drewes obtained result as Anabaena variabitis and Nostoc punctiforme grew in nitrogen free solution and fix nitrogen. It has been also reported by Copeland in 1939 that species of Oscillatoria, Spirulina labrinthiformis and Pharmidium laminosum has the capacity to fix the nitrogen. In 1935, Gerhard winter also reported that Nostoc mostly fix the nitrogen in the presence of carbohydrate and more in the dark as compare to light. 

BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION 

It is a one of the important and essential elements for plant growth and development. It is found in the soil in abundant form. Soil loss nitrogen by means of one or more process such as addition of animal and plant manure. Through nitrogen fixation which may be either symbiotic or non-symbiotic microorganisms. It is important to increase nitrogen in soil and increase fertility of soil. It has been reported that non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation is important for desert soil. It was firstly discovered by Hermann Hellriegel (German agronomist) and Martinus Beijerinck (Dutch microbiologist). Biological nitrogen fixation is a specific process in which the atmospheric N is converted into ammonia (NH3) by means of nitrogenase enzyme. 

 N2 + 16 ATP + 8H+ +8e- ➡ 2NH3 + H2+ 16 ADP +16Pi 

 This is occurs through an microorganism which is called diazotrophs or N2 fixers. These diazotrophs may be either Blue green algae or bacteria. These are two types of biological nitrogen fixers : 1. Symbiotic : Free living nitrogen fixers found in terrestrial as well as aquatic habitat. These may be classified into following groups: Free living aerobic- Azotobacter Free living anaerobic Clostridium Blue green algae- Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria.The Azolla and Anabaena symbiosis is a mutualistic association between the water fern azolla with a diazotrophic cyanobacteria.

The algae provide nitrogen and fern provide a habitat for the algae.These bacteria having ability to convert atm.nitrogen into nitrate fertilizer. 2. Non-symbiotic.